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The Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government ((ポーランド語:Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem), ; abbreviated ''BBWR'') was a "non-political" organization that existed in the Second Polish Republic, from 1928 until 1935. It was closely affiliated with Józef Piłsudski and his Sanation movement. Among its major activists were such figures, as Walery Sławek, Kazimierz Bartel, Kazimierz Świtalski, Aleksander Prystor, Józef Beck, Janusz Jędrzejewicz, Wacław Jędrzejewicz, Adam Koc, Leon Kozłowski, Ignacy Matuszewski, Boguslaw Miedzinski, Bronisław Pieracki, Adam Skwarczyński, and Janusz Franciszek Radziwiłł. In 1993 Lech Wałęsa, then President of Poland, founded a Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms, in Polish ''Bezpartyjny Blok Wspierania Reform'', likewise abbreviated "''BBWR''," which was meant to continue some of the traditions of the prewar organization, and form a group in parliament that explicitly supported the president. The organization achieved limited success in the 1993 elections, capturing 5.41% of the vote. == BBWR in 1928 - 1935 == The BBWR was created in November 1927, by Walery Sławek, who was urged to do so by Józef Piłsudski. The organization consisted of several smaller parties, including those representing national minorities. Also, a few deputies of the Polish Socialist Party and PSL Piast decided to join the new movement. The BBWR was not a classic political party, as it consisted of people with sometimes very different opinions. They were united by the personality of Piłsudski, whom they supported, and the BBWR had several targets: to carry out changes in constitution, to keep the National Democracy away from the parliament, and to attract conservatives and business circles. Political program of the BBWR was announced on January 19, 1928. It was based on the following principles: * the cult of Józef Piłsudski, * criticism of party favouritism, which had a destructive influence on the condition of the state, * the need to change the constitution, with more power in the hands of the president and limiting the powers of the parliament, * social solidarism. During the campaign for the 1928 election, which took place in March, the BBWR won 130 seats in the Sejm (out of 444), and 46 seats in the Senate (out of 111). On June 28, 1928, the government of Prime Minister Kazimierz Bartel was created. Even though the movement did not have a majority in the Polish Parliament, Józef Piłsudski regarded his party as the winner of the election, but to his surprise, left-wing politician Ignacy Daszyński was chosen the speaker of the Sejm. The government of Bartel was on April 14, 1929 replaced by the more radical government of Kazimierz Świtalski. It was based on the so-called “group of colonels”, who were personal friends of Piłsudski. On December 6, 1930, the Sejm passed the motion of no confidence, and Świtalski was replaced by Bartel. The new government was dissolved on March 29, 1930, and new Prime Minister was Walery Sławek. In response, opposition parties united, creating the so-called Centrolew, and organizing a mass anti-government demonstration in Kraków, on June 29, 1930. On August 25, 1930, Józef Piłsudski took the post of Prime Minister, and on September 9, first arrests of opposition politicians took place. The parliament was dissolved, and the opposition leaders were imprisoned in the Brest Fortress. In the 1930 election, which was also called the “Brest election”, the BBWR won 249 seats in the Sejm, and 75 in the Senate. On December 4, 1930, the second government of Walery Sławek was created. It existed until May 1930, when Aleksander Prystor became new Prime Minister. Facing financial crisis (see Great Recession), Prystor decided to cut public spending in order to balance the budget. In 1933, a program of public works was created, in order to reduce widespread unemployment. Furthermore, in 1932 - 1933 the BBWR government carried out a great educational reform. At the same time, oppositional activities were curbed, following three new bills which limited the means of street protests and possibilities of creating new movements (see also Brest trials). In the summer of 1933, Prystor lost the confidence of Józef Piłsudski, and was replaced by Janusz Jedrzejowicz. At the same time, Piłsudski and his subordinates began drafting the April Constitution, and on May 15, 1934, the new government of Leon Kozłowski was created. In June of the same year, Minister of Internal Affairs Bronisław Pieracki was murdered by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. The government in response opened the Bereza Kartuska detention camp. After the death of Józef Piłsudski (May 12, 1935), the weakened BBWR continued to exist until October 30, when it was dissolved by Walery Sławek. The tradition of the movement was continued by the Camp of National Unity, which was formed in February 1937. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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